Question
The Scientific Method
The basis for science is observation, questioning, and offering tentative explanations (hypotheses). Good science relies on the reproducible accumulation of data over time. The specific process that is used is called the scientific method and it follows a series of steps. This is mentioned briefly in your textbook on pages 17-21 of your textbook, but we will explore this process further.
The scientific method is used for a process that is reproducible and can be manipulated. It requires experimentation. It cannot be used on past events, because they cannot be recreated, although verifiable observations can provide evidence to support hypotheses about past events.

The scientific method also cannot be used as part of the process of making a decision. For example, if you are trying to decide where to go to dinner, or what vacation to take, you may be weighing pros and cons, or looking at benefits of one choice verses another. This does not use the scientific method because it does not test a tentative explanation.
The scientific method starts with an observation, such as “I cannot start my car.
This leads to a question: Why can't I start my car?

You form a hypothesis such as, I am using the wrong key.
An experiment is done, for example, you could try the original key and try the other car key on my key chain.
Data is collected, such as, First key turns in ignition, second key does not. Car does not start with either key.
Data is then analyzed: First key turns in ignition, second key does not turn the ignition. The car did not start even though the first key turned the ignition.

Draw a conclusion: You would reject this hypothesis because you have falsified it (shown it to be wrong).
So, another testable hypothesis must be proposed, for example, Car is out of gas.
The process would continue until you are able to come up with an explanation (hypothesis) that is supported by the data.

The scientific method is very useful to evaluate a claim or make an evaluation, as in the following scenario:
As before, you begin with an observation, for example Peeled and sliced apples turn brown quickly
The observation leads to a question: What can I add to my apples to prevent browning?

You propose a hypothesis based on your grandmother recommendations: lemon juice prevents apples from getting brown.
You set up an experiment: lemon juice is added to sliced apples in a bowl; nothing is added to a second bowl of sliced apples.
Data is collected: Check the apples several hours later to see if they have turned brown.

Move on to analysis of data: Apples with lemon juice are not brown; untreated apples are brown.
Draw a conclusion: Hypothesis is supported - lemon juice prevented browning of apples.
Then you may wonder, How much lemon juice does it take to prevent browning?
You propose another hypothesis: a large quantity of lemon juice will be just as effective as a smaller amount.
You set up an experiment to test that hypothesis and so on.
Note that this scenario requires a control treatment (apples without lemon juice) for comparison.

Assignment
Below are two lists of scenarios where you could use the scientific method. For each of the items in the first list, you would be trying to solve a particular problem. For each of the items in the second list, you would be setting up a formal experiment to make an evaluation. Choose an item from ONE of these lists and write a clear, well-reasoned step by step description of how the scientific method would be used to solve the problem or make the evaluation. Additional instructions are given below.

List of problems that could be solved:
If you choose an item from this list, do not solve the problem on the first try. You should have at least a couple of hypotheses.
1.You discover the dishes in the dishwasher are not getting clean.
2.You discover the vacuum is not picking up crumbs on the carpet.
3.You discover that when you bake chocolate cake using your favorite recipe, it tastes a little bit off.
4.You discover a puddle of water on the basement floor when you get home from work. You clean it up, but the next day, there is another puddle.
5.You discover that when you make your favorite recipe for chocolate chip cookies, they are flat.

List of inquiries requiring a formal experiment:
If you choose an item from this list, do not terminate your inquiry after the first experiment. You should formulate a second hypothesis and test it in order to gather additional, more specific information (like in the apple example).
1. You want to find out if the new laundry detergent really does get whites whiter as the label claims.
2. You want to find out if the new fertilizer really does make plants grow faster.
3. You want to find out if consuming garlic is effective at lowering blood pressure.
4. You want to find out if a leading brand of shower cleaner is more effective at removing soap scum than a generic brand.
Expect this assignment to be 1-2 pages in length. Submit the assignment by clicking on Assignments (at the left).
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The Scientific Method
Problem: You discover that when you bake chocolate cake using your favorite recipe, it tastes a little bit off.
The Scientific Method:
Question: What did I do differently this time?
Hypothesis: I might have missed/skipped a procedure/instruction from my favorite recipe.
Experiment: Bake another chocolate cake using the same
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (165μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (115μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (125μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (111μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (126μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (104μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (132μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (189μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (114μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (117μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (100μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (116μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (104μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (124μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (124μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (112μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (126μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (108μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (151μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (137μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (132μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (103μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (121μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (116μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (130μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (116μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (133μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (137μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (102μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (122μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (169μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (149μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (126μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (143μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (110μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (138μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (113μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (234μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (826μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (921μs)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (78μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (286μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (114μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (126μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (108μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (159μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (146μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (145μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (104μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (121μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (107μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (117μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (262μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (133μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (105μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (354μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (18μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (426μs)
      • composing: components.canonical (80μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (145μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (50μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (218μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (48μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (1.34ms)
      • creating: components.footer (75μs)
      • composing: components.footer (70μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (695μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (307μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (770μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.13ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (84μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (312μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (291μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (218μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (153μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (158μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (157μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (396μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (278μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (149μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (150μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (148μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (169μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (193μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (116μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (111μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (46μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (74μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (43μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (68μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (42μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (66μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (39μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (64μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (39μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (65μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (42μs)
      • 311 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (15.92%)
        56.69ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (9.59%)
        34.16ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (6.37%)
        22.68ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (1.91%)
        6.81ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.6%)
        5.71ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (1.23%)
        4.38ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.38%)
        1.37ms
        12 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.26%)
        930μs
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.21%)
        764μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.16%)
        571μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.15%)
        543μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.12%)
        426μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.1%)
        354μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.06%)
        218μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.06%)
        217μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.06%)
        201μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.05%)
        193μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.05%)
        183μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.05%)
        180μs
        4 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.05%)
        176μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        167μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        163μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.04%)
        145μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.04%)
        135μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.03%)
        116μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.03%)
        111μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.02%)
        87μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.02%)
        80μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.02%)
        75μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.02%)
        74μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.02%)
        72μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.02%)
        70μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        68μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        66μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.02%)
        65μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.02%)
        64μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        51μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.01%)
        50μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        49μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.01%)
        48μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.01%)
        46μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        43μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.01%)
        42μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.01%)
        42μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.01%)
        42μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.01%)
        39μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        39μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        38μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0.01%)
        18μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      20 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 16 unique. Show only duplicated43.33ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '54577' limit 1
        18.58mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 54577
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (112)
        1.19mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (54577)
        1.08mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 2 limit 1
        1.12mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 2
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 54577 and `subject` = 112 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        3.36mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 54577
        • 1: 112
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (112)
        1.08mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 54577 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.04mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 54577
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 54577 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.09mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 54577
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 54577 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        2.34mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 54577
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 2 limit 1
        990μstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 2
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        1.07mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.08mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        1.03mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        1.16mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.19mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 11 limit 1
        1.17mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 11
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 5 limit 1
        1.09mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 5
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 34 limit 1
        1.27mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 34
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 31 limit 1
        1.19mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 31
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 36 limit 1
        1.21mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      12SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      4HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          ZlrO7ptJRxO1EPpmDCZ9Uk18UL0CepeU1zDA5RKM
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/Earth-Science/Environmental-Science/54577
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Earth-Science/E...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/Earth-Science/Environmental-Science/54577
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
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