Question
Assignment 2: Vulnerability of Human and Natural Systems

The assignment has two sections:

Section A: Short Critical Reflections
Select one of the assigned readings in each topic in Module 2 and write a short critical reflection (about 250 words) for each (a total of three critical reflections; You may find it helpful to use one or more of the focus questions included in the activity as a guide.

Readings:
- Chapter 12: Human Security (Adger, W.N., Pulhin, J.M., Barnett, J., Dabelko, G.D., Hovelsrud, G.K., Levy, M.,...Vogel, C.H.)

- No Change from climate change: vulnerability and small island developing states (Ilan Kelman)

- Africa: Executive summary (Niang, I., Ruppel, O. C., Abdrabo, M. A., Essel, A., Lennard, C., Padgham, J., & Urquhart, P.)

The critical reflection should present your own thoughts and responses to the reading. Thus, it is an interaction between the ideas in the reading and your own interpretation and response to what you have read. The critical reflection is a polished piece of writing that will be assessed using the same criteria as any piece of writing. It should include an introduction, a body that presents your thoughts clearly and logically, and a conclusion. You may write in the first person but be sure to refer to some of the ideas that are introduced in the reading.

Section B: Essay
Using some of the concepts introduced in Module 2, write an essay on a topic related to vulnerability of human or natural systems. You may use content from the required readings (any module), but you must include at least two new references as well. Course resources that are not required readings may be regarded as new references. For example, if you are examining the impact of climate change on Arctic wildlife, you may consider the ACIA report as a new reference provided you are using content beyond the required reading. A strong paper will incorporate the concept of vulnerability and associated terms that were introduced in this module.

If you are having a hard time deciding what to write about, here are just a few examples of topics you might consider within the context of the potential impacts of climate change:

1. Rising sea levels and a vulnerable location (e.g., Florida, Bangladesh, small island states)
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Rising Sea Levels and a Vulnerable Location
Rising sea levels (RSL) is a dangerous threat with a devastating potential. Research indicates that the average Earth’s temperatures rose around 1.5oF (0.8oC) since the late 19th century. This caused thermal expansion of the global oceans and the melting of ice-caps which increased the sea levels by approx. 15 to 20 cm (Oppenheimer, 2015, p. 675). It is expected that sea levels will increase additional 1 to 4 feet by the year 2100 (Reese, 2016, p. 49). This puts enormous pressure on costal arias which are considered particularly vulnerable. Therefore, this paper will analyze the causes of sea level rise, vulnerability assessment models and RSL effects on Florida as an identified vulnerable location.

Causes of Sea Level Rise
Sea levels have been fairly constant over the last two thousand years. However, with the start of the industrial revolution around 1880 this started to change. Industrialization which primarily relays on the use of fossil fuels constantly emits greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. This traps the heat which is mostly (around 90%) absorbed by the oceans. The increased water temperatures cause thermal expansion which is responsible for 1/3 of the sea level rise (Reese, 2016, p. 46). Unfortunately, the other 2/3 of the water volume comes from the nature’s inability to maintain its ice caps and glaciers at elevated temperatures. Records indicate that global ice losses have increased over the last decades. While in some areas like the Canadian Arctic this loss is at its records high, in others the ice cap limits have reached early Holocene limits
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (173μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (191μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (167μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (195μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (276μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (343μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (512μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (293μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (231μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (196μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (258μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (175μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (400μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (280μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (367μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (167μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (311μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (182μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (219μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (151μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (178μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (371μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (217μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (179μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (203μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (171μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (200μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (166μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (295μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (194μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (344μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (184μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (188μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (585μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (275μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (372μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (757μs)
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      • creating: components.open-graph (205μs)
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      • creating: site.headers.header (393μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (84μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (2.82ms)
      • creating: components.footer (98μs)
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (397μs)
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (272μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (268μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (641μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (325μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (349μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (341μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (210μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (312μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (223μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (210μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (327μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (261μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (257μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (154μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (186μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (124μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (66μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (160μs)
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      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (103μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (62μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (789μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (78μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (209μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (427μs)
      • 319 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (20.5%)
        174ms
        12 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (4.56%)
        38.67ms
        12 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (4.02%)
        34.11ms
        3 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (0.58%)
        4.95ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (0.31%)
        2.60ms
        3 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (0.26%)
        2.21ms
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.13%)
        1.14ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.09%)
        804μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.09%)
        789μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.09%)
        757μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.08%)
        666μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.08%)
        649μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.08%)
        642μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.07%)
        614μs
        19 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.06%)
        503μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.05%)
        438μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.05%)
        427μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.05%)
        393μs
        4 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.04%)
        381μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.04%)
        366μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.04%)
        345μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.03%)
        294μs
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        279μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.03%)
        261μs
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        257μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.03%)
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        209μs
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        205μs
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        186μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.02%)
        176μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.02%)
        175μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        160μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        154μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        124μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.01%)
        117μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.01%)
        104μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.01%)
        103μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.01%)
        101μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.01%)
        98μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.01%)
        87μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.01%)
        84μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        78μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        73μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        68μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.01%)
        68μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        66μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.01%)
        62μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        49μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0%)
        25μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      12 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 8 unique. Show only duplicated53.41ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '26112' limit 1
        9.77mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 26112
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (179)
        1.05mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (26112)
        5.28mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 21 limit 1
        1.01mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 21
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 26112 and `subject` = 179 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        3.47mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 26112
        • 1: 179
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (179)
        1.72mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 26112 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        10.88mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 26112
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 26112 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        3.29mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 26112
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 26112 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.23mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 26112
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 21 limit 1
        1.32mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 21
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        5.07mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        9.32mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      19HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      4SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          pFEl0aA7vC7IsyCyIdW4xNl3XRS9dAADnf9MOpVw
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/Geography/Geography-Other/26112
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Geography/Geogr...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/Geography/Geography-Other/26112
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
          request_headers
          0 of 0
          array:21 [ "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "x-amzn-trace-id" => array:1 [ 0 => "Root=1-67fc1f7c-44bdcea84ac220fd709505ee" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "staging.dev.24houranswers.com" ] "x-forwarded-port" => array:1 [ 0 => "443" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "3.15.31.36" ] "content-length" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "" ] ]
          request_cookies
          []
          
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