READ: Stevenson and Byerly, Many Faces of Science, chap. 11-12, pp....

Question
READ: Stevenson and Byerly, Many Faces of Science, chap. 11-12, pp. 219-266; Ede and Cormack, History of Science in Society, chap. 12-13, pp. 349-396.

WRITE a reaction paper at least 4 pages (double spaced, regular margins, at least 1,000 words; please feel free to write more – this can help your grade ) in length about these chapters. Some questions you may wish to consider include the following. Please note that you do not need to answer every question, but you should respond to both books.

For Many Faces of Science:

Chap 12
The textbook provides two views of whether science undercuts traditional values. What are these? Does either view convince you? What do you think about these issues?
Do you agree with Vico and Plato that science is not able to give ultimate answers?
Is science value neutral? How do you respond to the textbook’s discussion of this issue?
What do you think about the rational choice model and cost-benefit calculations? How do these work in our lives? Have you heard of other applications of these ideas?
When you started this class, did you believe that science is objective? Have you changed your view after reading this textbook? (Note that I didn’t say that science is not objective, only that it is not as simple as we might at first think. One of my goals for this course is to stimulate your thinking about issues such as this one.)
What do you think about the textbook’s assertion that the process of scientific research cannot be free of value considerations?

For History of Science in Society:

Chapter 12
Why has it been so difficult for many women to work in science?
What were early computing machines like?
What theoretical ideas about computing did Turing and von Neumann contribute?
Why was the solid state transistor important?
Why was the birth control pill different from earlier methods of contraception? How was science involved in its working and development?
How did Gell-Mann and Zweig organize the many different subatomic particles?
What was the impact of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson? What did it argue?
What was the Human Genome Project?
What are some of the controversies about the Iceland Health Sector Database?

Chapter 13
What do you think science is?
What is the authors’ point about cold fusion?
Should there be secrecy in science? Why or why not?
What is nanotechnology?
What are some of the issues involved with gene testing and genetic therapies?
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The work of Sigmund Freud has, in many ways, determined the course of the development of psychology and psychoanalysis for the better part of the 20th century. Although his earliest works dealt with physiology, rather than psychology, his fame came as a result of his research into the human mind. Freud's psychoanalysis theory is based on the assumption that the human behavior and feelings is affected by many factors, most of which people are completely unaware of. These factors have the potential to make people sad and dysfunctional. According to Freud, the main symptoms of psychiatric conditions were depression, anxiety, personality disorders, lowered self-esteem and similar.
The essence of Freud's theory is found in the unresolved internal conflicts or traumas from childhood – especially early childhood and relationships with parents. These are so painful that the individual cannot cope, so he/she pushes them into the subconscious. The goal of psychoanalysis, according to Freud, is to remove the „neurosis“ and restore the patient's damaged ego into its normal state. The process of psychoanalyses is lengthy, conducted through a series of seances
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (179μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (259μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (1.22ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (208μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (212μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (215μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (192μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (205μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (174μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (333μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (172μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (195μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (158μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (170μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (235μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (239μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (172μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (291μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (304μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (167μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (297μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (902μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (930μs)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (86μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (516μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (1.26ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (243μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (165μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (294μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (215μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (184μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (201μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (212μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (196μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (261μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (185μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (251μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (226μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (211μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (191μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (224μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (727μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (23μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (530μs)
      • composing: components.canonical (105μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (209μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (78μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (316μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (77μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (2.06ms)
      • creating: components.footer (90μs)
      • composing: components.footer (101μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (1.19ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (463μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (2.26ms)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (951μs)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.69ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (355μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (248μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (193μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (174μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (218μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (305μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (324μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (197μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (194μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (277μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (220μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (210μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (449μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (272μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (134μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (72μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (100μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (65μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (98μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (154μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (116μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (190μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (118μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (68μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (194μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (70μs)
      • 311 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (17.29%)
        112ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (6.63%)
        42.87ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (4.79%)
        30.93ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (1.94%)
        12.54ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.38%)
        8.94ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (0.91%)
        5.86ms
        12 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.24%)
        1.57ms
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.24%)
        1.54ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.14%)
        915μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.11%)
        727μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.09%)
        583μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.09%)
        581μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.08%)
        530μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.08%)
        519μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.08%)
        511μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.07%)
        451μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.07%)
        449μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        342μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.05%)
        316μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.05%)
        315μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.04%)
        272μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.04%)
        237μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.04%)
        237μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.03%)
        219μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.03%)
        216μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.03%)
        209μs
        6 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.03%)
        203μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.03%)
        194μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.03%)
        190μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.03%)
        167μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        154μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        134μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.02%)
        118μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        116μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.02%)
        105μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.02%)
        101μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.02%)
        100μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        98μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.01%)
        90μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.01%)
        78μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.01%)
        77μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.01%)
        72μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.01%)
        70μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        68μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        65μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.01%)
        63μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        62μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        44μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0%)
        23μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      20 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 16 unique. Show only duplicated48.08ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '24433' limit 1
        20.25mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 24433
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (86)
        1.59mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (24433)
        2.25mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 15 limit 1
        930μstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 15
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 24433 and `subject` = 86 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        5.46mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 24433
        • 1: 86
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (86)
        1.24mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 24433 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.08mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 24433
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 24433 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        950μstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 24433
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 24433 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.32mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 24433
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 15 limit 1
        1.19mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 15
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        840μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.38mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        900μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        1.2mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.35mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 11 limit 1
        1.19mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 11
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 5 limit 1
        1.02mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 5
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 34 limit 1
        1.89mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 34
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 31 limit 1
        1.06mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 31
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 36 limit 1
        990μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      12SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      6HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          qz7tGMpxrJ8hJlVyDLlZ0tcTqkbDl2sTHnPVG1BJ
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/History/History-Other/24433
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/History/History...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/History/History-Other/24433
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
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