Question
Part 1: Ethics
Codes of ethics vary, even when they are intended for professionals in the same occupations. Professionals might act ethically under one code very differently than under another code. Using the recent case of FBI vs. Apple, the task in this question is to describe how you might act under two different codes of ethics. We will use ACM (appended to assignment description) and CIPS (http://www.cips.ca/?q=system/files/CIPS_COE_final_2007.pdf) as examples.

Questions:
1. If you were Apple, and acting under the ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, how would you respond to the FBI’s order to provide an unlockable iOS version for their use in unlocking the San Bernadino iPhone? Also:
a. which rules in the ACM Code of Ethics conflict with each other in making this decision?
b. how do you decide which rules take priority?
2. If you were Apple, and acting under the CIPS Code of Ethics, how would you respond to the FBI’s order to provide an unlockable iOS version for their use in unlocking the San Bernadino iPhone? Also:
a. which rules in the CIPS Code of Ethics conflict with each other in making this decision?
b. how do you decide which rules take priority?
3. Which of the two above Codes of Ethics do you feel supports as easier process of ethical decision making? Why?

Question 2: Law
An early controversial use of the DMCA was its use in a case in the United States brought by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) in 2000 to attempt to suppress distribution of the DeCSS program and derivatives. Search for a brief description of this case and its outcome.

Questions:
1. What was the final court judgment about distribution of DeCSS?
2. Was the MPAA was successful in suppressing details of the DeCSS descrambling algorithm?

Question 3: Policy
Many countries now require organizations that collect personal information to publish a privacy policy detailing how they will handle and use such information. Review Acadia’s policy on Student Records in the 2015 Academic Calendar, pages 41-43 (http://registrar.acadiau.ca/tl_files/sites/registrar/pdfs/Academic_Calendars/calendar_final.pdf#page=41). Compare this policy with the lists of principles for the European Union Data Protection Directive and the United States Privacy Initiatives given in Section 19.3. Does this policy address all of these principles?
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Question 1
Foreword about the case: San Bernardino shooting case (involving the gunman Syed Rizwan Farook) had determined a strong debate between authorities and Apple whether security is more important than privacy or vice versa. Beyond the specific details of the case this debate can be analyzed from ethical perspective since it could have represented a precedent for further similar scenarios. At this point it is necessary to state that even if sometimes ethical and moral are used as interchangeable terms, the current analyzed case puts in different lights each of the two concepts. Another parallel can be drawn between what is legal and what is ethical. Although in general the practitioners who elaborate the standards and regulations try to align the two views, it is possible to appear differences sometimes. From all these perspectives it seems logical that what appears as ethical under one code to be quite differently regarded under another code. As common feature can be retained that all ethical considerations are weaker than legal provisions (e.g. customers’ privacy can be “violated” when criminal investigations are performed and it is needed to access information which otherwise is protected by existing privacy regulations).

According to ACM Code of Ethics
Unlike other similar codes the ACM Code of Ethics has a strong moral component – which is explained in detail since the 1st subsection – this groups the “general moral imperatives”. This section is also the one having the biggest implications for the analysis of San Bernardino ethical conflict. Sections 2 and 3 of the ACM code can’t be directly linked to this case without being provided additional information (they are focused on other matters like professional responsibilities and organizational leadership). The greatest majority of the eight rules that compose the first section (especially the imperatives 3, 7 and 8) suggests the only acceptable answer of Apple to FBI’s request is NO (no unlockable iOS version must be provided for their use to solve a criminal case). The authorities must find another way to solve the case – without putting the company in a bad light to its customers (e.g. the chain of trust between parties can be irreversibly broken).
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (101μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (127μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (99μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (110μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (95μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (110μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (95μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (109μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (94μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (139μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (111μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (119μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (97μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (109μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (95μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (95μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (118μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (97μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (122μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (274μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (223μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (137μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (161μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (128μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (156μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (125μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (369μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (252μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (801μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (883μs)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (82μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (346μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (206μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (162μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (136μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (128μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (107μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (158μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (126μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (144μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (302μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (165μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (109μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (118μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (102μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (115μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (99μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (117μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (102μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (357μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (18μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (374μs)
      • composing: components.canonical (78μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (142μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (49μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (230μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (50μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (2.23ms)
      • creating: components.footer (91μs)
      • composing: components.footer (83μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (683μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (286μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (781μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (978μs)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (82μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (317μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (419μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (145μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (123μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (115μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (115μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (191μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (283μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (130μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (121μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (116μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (118μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (112μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (218μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (117μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (130μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (46μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (83μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (40μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (79μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (94μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (119μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (48μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (82μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (39μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (79μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (39μs)
      • 311 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (19.6%)
        56.54ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (10.82%)
        31.22ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (7.27%)
        20.97ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (2.39%)
        6.89ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.57%)
        4.54ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (1.14%)
        3.28ms
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.39%)
        1.12ms
        12 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.34%)
        980μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.18%)
        526μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.15%)
        444μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.15%)
        424μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.13%)
        374μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.12%)
        357μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.11%)
        325μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.1%)
        299μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.09%)
        255μs
        4 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.08%)
        235μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.08%)
        230μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.08%)
        228μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.08%)
        218μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.07%)
        192μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        150μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.05%)
        142μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.05%)
        135μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.05%)
        130μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.04%)
        119μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.04%)
        117μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.04%)
        113μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.04%)
        113μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.04%)
        104μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.03%)
        94μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.03%)
        91μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.03%)
        83μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.03%)
        83μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.03%)
        82μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.03%)
        79μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.03%)
        79μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.03%)
        78μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.02%)
        50μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.02%)
        49μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        48μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.02%)
        47μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        46μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.02%)
        44μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.02%)
        44μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        40μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        39μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.01%)
        39μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0.01%)
        18μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      20 statements were executed, 5 of which were duplicates, 15 unique. Show only duplicated37.79ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '23252' limit 1
        14.34mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 23252
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (265)
        1.51mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (23252)
        1.06mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.09mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 23252 and `subject` = 265 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        2.11mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 23252
        • 1: 265
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (265)
        1.19mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 23252 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.28mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 23252
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 23252 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.22mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 23252
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 23252 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.25mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 23252
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.35mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        1.13mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.12mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        1.13mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        1.13mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.15mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 11 limit 1
        1.14mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 11
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 5 limit 1
        1.11mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 5
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 34 limit 1
        1.19mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 34
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 31 limit 1
        1.13mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 31
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 36 limit 1
        1.16mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      12SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      4HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          lzNHuVZDwghckDjeGT1xMwLCPvcHskvgr5h962VC
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/IT-Computer-Support-Services/IT-Audit-and-Security/23252
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/IT-Computer-Sup...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/IT-Computer-Support-Services/IT-Audit-and-Security/23252
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
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