Question
The relationship between intelligence and crime
Write a Research Draft Paper. The written text (excluding title page, appendix, bibliography/references) will be 12-16 pages.
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1. Introduction
Understanding crime and crime causation has been a fundamental issue among researchers in the criminal justice field. Crime refers to an omission or action that constitutes an offense and which is punishable by law. Since the development of the sociological thought starting from the 19th century, fresh perceptions on crime and criminality have been introduced. One of the most prominent views concerns the relationship between intelligence and crime. Intelligence, as a concept, refers to the ability of an individual not only to acquire but also apply knowledge. Intelligence often comes in numerous forms. These include interpersonal intelligence, linguistic intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist intelligence, spatial intelligence, and intra-personal intelligence. Research seems to show that the level of intelligence that one exhibits often determine the risk of offending. For example, Sharma, Prakash, Sengar, Chaudhury and Singh (2015) and Englander (2017) points out that a person with low levels of intelligence is more likely to commit a crime when compared to a counterpart with high IQ (Intelligence Quotient). While this is the case, the role of intelligence in crime causation in the face of other influences is relatively overlooked.
Thus, it is of central importance to establish whether the predisposition of an individual to crime is primarily due to low intelligence or whether there are other factors that set in to reinforce the relationship between IQ and crime. This study takes on the perspective that, even though low intelligence is one of the predictors for crime, the link is strengthened by other critical influences including constant relocation from one neighborhood to another, socioeconomic difficulties, and environmental challenges. To answer the research question identified above, this paper will first discuss the prevailing empirical knowledge on the relationship between IQ and crime as well as the role other pertinent factors. The paper will then explain the method followed to gather the necessary data. Ultimately, the study will present critical findings that prove or disapprove the thesis statement.
2. Literature review
In this section, the existing body of knowledge has presented essential findings related to the research question under focus. In this section, what has been reported on the role of intelligence in crime causation will be explored in detail. Three fundamental themes will be covered. They will include the relationship between emotional intelligence and crime, the role played by other factors in the prevalence of crime, and the relationship between a person's level of intelligence and the way in which an individual reacts to crime. While this is the case, it is of central importance to explore the underlying theoretical framework.
2.1 Theory of crime causation
There are several theories that have been advanced to explain the causation of crime and delinquency. One of these is the strain theory. According to Robert (2018), this theory presents that people often commit crime because of stress or strain. As such, strain leads to upsets and, in an attempt to cope with the situation, a person or a group of people might be predisposed towards committing a crime. The theory also refers that there are two generalized categories of strain that lead to crime. They are being prevented from achieving one’s goals and the deprivation of things that one values (Robert 2018). In the light of the strain theory, it is well evident that the level of intelligence when trying to address the strain often determine whether an individual will commit an offense and if so, to what degree.
Another theory of crime causation is the social learning theory. This model proposes that people learn to engage in crime and this takes place through interactions with others (Akers 2017). Whenever criminal acts are reinforced, it follows that an individual will necessarily learn the beliefs that are favorable to crime. In effect, an individual will come to view offense as something desirable or which is justifiable, at least in certain situations (Akers 2017). From this theory, it is accurate
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        Backtrace
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        Backtrace
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        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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        1mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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        1.05mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
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        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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        Backtrace
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        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
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      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (173)
        1.13mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 40426 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.36mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
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        Backtrace
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        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
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        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
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        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
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