If a null hypothesis is rejected it means A the treatment causes s...

If a null hypothesis is rejected it means
A the treatment causes significant differences.
B there are no differences between treatments.
C any differences between groups are due to sampling error.
D the differences found between groups are probably not due to chance.

Various forms of evidence can be used to establish the validity of scores on an instrument. Which of the following forms is NOT a source of evidence that you would use?
A Evidence based on the theory behind the instrument
B Evidence based on one instrument's correlation with another similar instrument
C Evidence based on the reliability of the scores
D Evidence based on the internal consistency of scores

Which of the following is an example of a research problem?
A the need to conduct additional research on children.
B the need to address problems of low achievement for a particular ethnic group
C the need to learn about how classrooms work.
D the need to address problems in schools.

A researcher failed to reject the null hypothesis but is concerned about not being able to detect true differences, thus committing a type 2 error. From the following options, how would you advise the researcher regarding her analyses?
A Change the alpha from p. 01 to p= .05
B Replicate the study with a new sample
C Reanalyze the data with a one-tailed test
D Use a non-parametric significance test

The results of an ANOVA to test the difference in means between three treatment conditions indicate significant differences between conditions. Which of the following tests might a researcher use to determine where these differences among the groups are found?
A Spearman rho
B t test
C ANCOVA
D Scheffe test

An independent variable is a categorical variable
T
F

Below is a list of statistics: which is an inferential statistic?
A t-score
B Cohen's U-test
C z-score
D variance
E t-tes

Compared to all other types of research, experimental research
A provides better evidence concerning cause-effect relations.
B requires greater number of participants.
C measures dependent and independent variables
D collects samples to generalize to populations

Denise is comparing second grade students’ spelling ability across three existing groups. One group has had phonemic instruction, one group has used whole word instruction. and the final group has had weekly spelling activities in context. Denise will likely use which of the following data analysis techniques to examine differences between these groups on a spelling test?
a. 2 x 2 Chi Square
b. T test
c. ANOVA
d. Multiple Regression

The two areas at the end of a normal curve that indicate an extremely low probability of values if the null hypothesis is false is called:
A a two-tailed test
B the area of the critical region
C the area of the true null
D statistical significance at p < .05

In quantitative research, we have difficulty “proving” cause and effect between two or more variables because
A events are never causes but only correlate in quantitative research
B events may vary with things we can not or do not measure
C events may involve human actors
D events may be close in distance

Which of the following is NOT an example of a figure used in reporting quantitative data?
A a box plot
B a histogram
C a scatterplot
D a Venn diagram

A variable that is Scale data in SPSS means it meets parametric assumptions.
True
False

Jane reported a correlation of r = -.85 between hours (per day) spent on statistics quizzes and overall unhappiness in life (scale: very unhappy being 10 to very happy being 1). This finding would suggest that
A unhappy people tend to spend more hours on statistics quizzes
B that there is a strong relationship between unhappiness and statistics quizzes
C happier people tend to spend more hours on statistics quizzes
D that you would personally like more quizzes on statistics

Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the RANGE is:
A 5
B 7
C 12
D 9

When entering data into SPSS for data analysis, the values in your data view columns are:
A the numbers you have assigned to variables you are trying to measure
B the responses to, or measures of, the variables you are trying to quantify
C the quality of information for variables you are trying to measure
D the identifying number for variables you are trying to measure

The most common descriptive statistic used as a measure of spread around the mean is the
a. range.
b. standard deviation.
c. the z-score.
d. variance.

Shani is testing whether her intervention designed to increase self-reported motivation in English class is effective. She administers her outcome test before and after the intervention (in version A and B format) and concludes that her intervention is effective. Which analysis did Shani most likely use?
A Pearson Correlation
B The t test for independent samples
C ANOVA
D The t test for dependent samples

A normal distribution is needed for statistical analysis of your data?
True
False

Which of the following steps is NOT a procedure in quantitative data analysis?
A examining the trends in the data
B determining effect sizes
C scoring the data
D analyzing the differences among themes in the data

Below is a list of statistics: which is a descriptive statistic?
A Median
B ANCOVA
C Chi-square
D Regression
E ANOVA

Given a person with a z score of 0 on a norm-referenced assessment, what can we conclude regarding her performance compared to the group?
A the person performed poorly.
B the person performed at the mean.
C the person performed above average.
D the person performed at the 34 percentile.

Huimin conducted an experiment that included two groups of junior college girls. One group received no training while the other received a 3-hour intervention about the benefits of careers in math and science domains. Humin compared the willingness of girls to enrol in subsequent math courses as her outcome measure. Her t-test analysis indicated no differences between her treatment group and the no-intervention control. This finding is likely due to
A sampling error.
B preexisting group differences
C too small a sample size.
D limited treatment exposure.

Parametric tests require all of the following assumptions EXCEPT
A that there are an equal number of participants per group.
B that data are interval or ratio scale of measurement.
C that the selection of participants is independent.
D that the variable measured is normally distributed.

In statistical research designs, the effect size in a statistical procedure is also known as Cohen's D.
True
False

Given the following portion of a research manuscript, “Three-hundred and sixty students were asked about their attitudes toward school. Findings indicate positive attitudes in the lower grades and more negative attitudes as learners age.” What type of study does this suggest was conducted?
A Experimental
B Survey
C Correlational
D Mixed-methods

If a researcher sets the alpha at .05 and obtains a p-value of .06, this means that a null hypothesis would:
A fail to be rejected
B be slightly higher than alpha
C be very close to the alpha level
D be accepted as different

The measure of central tendency appropriate for nominal data is the
A mode
B standard deviation
C mean
D median

A confounding variable is:
A a variable that cannot be easily explained
B a variable that contradicts what one expects to find
C a variable that cannot be directly measured
D a variable that affects or impacts an outcome

A researcher wants to determine if there is a relationship between students who are designated "gifted" and parental income. She has a list of all students in a local elementary school who have been designated as “gifted” students. In the context of quantitative research design, this list from which she will randomly sample represents:
A a sample population of “gifted” students
B a target population of “gifted” students
C a random sample of “gifted” students
D a stratified sample of “gifted” students

An outlier is any data point (e.g. on a test) that falls well outside the central tendencies for your data set.
True
False