What, Leviathan?: Understanding Man Through Tocqueville and Hobbes’...

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What, Leviathan?: Understanding Man Through Tocqueville and Hobbes’s Theories of State Sovereignty

Hobbes writes that if mortal life is to go well, there must be a Leviathan in each commonwealth. Tocqueville, on the other hand, writes that the greatest threat to liberty in the democratic age is the Leviathan state he worries might form. Explain the argument that each of them makes. Which author understands man more deeply, and why?
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What, Leviathan?: Understanding Man Through Tocqueville and Hobbes’s Theories of State Sovereignty

Hobbes writes that if mortal life is to go well, there must be a Leviathan in each commonwealth. Tocqueville, on the other hand, writes that the greatest threat to liberty in the democratic age is the Leviathan state he worries might form. Explain the argument that each of them makes. Which author understands man more deeply, and why?

“Outside of civil states, there is always a war of all against all.”
Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679

“He [the sovereign] does not destroy things but prevents them from coming into being.”
Alexis De Tocqueville, 1805-1859

Thomas Hobbes in his book Leviathan (1651) famously argues for a society where people willingly give up their right to do what they please in order to receive in return protection from the state. Alexis De Tocqueville is wary of such a Leviathan and warns in Democracy in America (1835; 1840) that a nanny state that promises protection has the increased risk of falling into a state of complacency. In this paper I will argue that Hobbes understands man more deeply than Tocqueville. Towards this aim, I will first explain both thinkers’ respective views on sovereignty and second, I will show how Hobbes’s view is a superior one.
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (242μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (238μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (447μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (275μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (294μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (297μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (360μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (180μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (189μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (231μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (200μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (166μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (262μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (171μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (289μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (170μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (273μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (152μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (389μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (173μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (187μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (157μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (381μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (995μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.24ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (132μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (642μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (205μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (204μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (261μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (277μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (214μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (180μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (155μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (191μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (164μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (268μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (220μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (373μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (170μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (303μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (437μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (352μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (206μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (627μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (27μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (2.29ms)
      • composing: components.canonical (117μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (303μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (92μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (371μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (102μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (2.05ms)
      • creating: components.footer (82μs)
      • composing: components.footer (97μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (6.42ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (403μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (793μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.11ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (98μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (416μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (355μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (225μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (179μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (257μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (505μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (394μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (456μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (200μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (190μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (363μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (215μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (175μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (324μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (497μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (281μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (95μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (148μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (77μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (303μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (83μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (141μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (77μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (134μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (75μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (135μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (75μs)
      • 318 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (14.62%)
        128ms
        22 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (7.12%)
        62.40ms
        22 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (6.41%)
        56.16ms
        10 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (6.31%)
        55.35ms
        10 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (1.02%)
        8.98ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (0.34%)
        2.96ms
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.26%)
        2.29ms
        2 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.23%)
        2.00ms
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\User\TutorAttributes\TutorDegree (0.19%)
        1.63ms
        10 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.11%)
        980μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.1%)
        893μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.1%)
        836μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.07%)
        627μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.06%)
        497μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\User\Tutor (0.05%)
        439μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.05%)
        413μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.04%)
        377μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.04%)
        371μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.04%)
        351μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.04%)
        336μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.04%)
        331μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.04%)
        324μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.04%)
        321μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.04%)
        317μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.03%)
        303μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.03%)
        303μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.03%)
        281μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.03%)
        277μs
        3 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\User\Tutor (0.02%)
        193μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.02%)
        171μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\User\Tutor (0.02%)
        167μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.02%)
        148μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        141μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.02%)
        135μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.02%)
        135μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.02%)
        134μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.01%)
        126μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.01%)
        117μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.01%)
        115μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.01%)
        102μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.01%)
        97μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.01%)
        95μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.01%)
        92μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        87μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.01%)
        83μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.01%)
        82μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        77μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.01%)
        77μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.01%)
        75μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        75μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\User\TutorAttributes\TutorDegree (0.01%)
        65μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        58μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        58μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0%)
        27μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      22 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 18 unique. Show only duplicated91.69ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '4116' limit 1
        14.62mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 4116
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (201)
        8.86mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (4116)
        1.35mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 23 limit 1
        1.17mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 23
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#124
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:124
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 17. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:136
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • select * from `users` where `disable_profile` = 0 and `picture` != '' and `solutionrequestQualified` = 1 and `is_suspended` = 0 and `is_deactivated` = 0 and `status` != '' and `status` = 'tutor' order by `completed_requests` desc limit 3
        19.79mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#128
        Bindings
        • 0: 0
        • 1: 
        • 2: 1
        • 3: 0
        • 4: 0
        • 5: 
        • 6: tutor
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:128
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:136
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • select * from `tutor_degrees` where `tutor_degrees`.`tutor_id` = 6002 and `tutor_degrees`.`tutor_id` is not null order by `year` desc limit 1
        1.24mstwenty4_siteTutor.php#361
        Bindings
        • 0: 6002
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/User/Tutor.php:361
        • 19. app/Transformers/Tutor/TutorTransformer.php:72
        • 22. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 23. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 24. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `tutor_degrees` where `tutor_degrees`.`tutor_id` = 2821 and `tutor_degrees`.`tutor_id` is not null order by `year` desc limit 1
        1.22mstwenty4_siteTutor.php#361
        Bindings
        • 0: 2821
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/User/Tutor.php:361
        • 19. app/Transformers/Tutor/TutorTransformer.php:72
        • 22. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 23. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 24. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `tutor_degrees` where `tutor_degrees`.`tutor_id` = 6531 and `tutor_degrees`.`tutor_id` is not null order by `year` desc limit 1
        1.11mstwenty4_siteTutor.php#361
        Bindings
        • 0: 6531
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/User/Tutor.php:361
        • 19. app/Transformers/Tutor/TutorTransformer.php:72
        • 22. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 23. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 24. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 4116 and `subject` = 201 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        7.15mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 4116
        • 1: 201
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (201)
        1.04mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 4116 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        2.27mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 4116
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 4116 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.25mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 4116
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 4116 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        4.62mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 4116
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 23 limit 1
        1.01mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 23
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        960μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.69mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        1.6mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        9.93mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        7.43mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 34 limit 1
        970μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 34
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 31 limit 1
        1.29mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 31
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
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        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
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