Question
Individual Case Study Assessment
Case
Engineer A works for Company X in connection with the design and manufacturing of a new consumer product. During and following the company's standard safety testing process (which has been completed and has demonstrated that the new consumer product is within acceptable safety parameters), Engineer A observes what Engineer A believes are inconsistent product performance issues that in Engineer A's opinion raise unique safety concerns. Engineer A recommends to Supervisor B that Company X conduct a new series of tests to determine whether the new consumer product will be operated safely by consumers. Current national product safety standards do not yet address the new product or its potential impact on consumer safety. Currently, there areno governmental or industry standards relating to this new consumer product other than general and standard product safety-testing policies and procedures. Because of the potential cost standard product safety-testing policies and procedures. Because of the potential cost and the delay that may result due to additional testing, Company X rejects Engineer A's recommendation that it perform additional safety testing. Later, Engineer A resigns from Company X. One year later, the relevant government agency announces a public safety standard hearing in connection with a series of new consumer products, including the new product developed by Company X and ones developed by its
competitors. Engineer A is considering participating as a witness at the public safety standards hearing. (Case 16-10)
Instructions:
The purpose of this assessment is to assess your ability to apply an argument or position we learned about in class to a realistic case in engineering ethics.
Your goal in this case study is to clearly reconstruct your chosen argument or position and then to carefully explain its implications for the case at hand.
This is an individual assignment. Feel free to bounce ideas off one another but turn in your own work and give public safety standard hearing in connection with a series of new consumer products, including the new product developed by Company X and ones developed by its competitors. Engineer A is considering participating as a witness at the public safety standards hearing. (Case 16-10)
Elements of the Case Study
Content
Issue - Briefly describe issue or question raised by your case (1 - 3 sentences)
Position -Briefly identify the argument of view you've chosen to apply and state the position you think that view or argument supports with respect to this
case.
Facts - Briefly recap the relevant facts of the case
Reconstruction - Informally reconstruct the argument or present the view that you have chosen to apply.
Application - Explicitly apply the argument you've reconstructed to the case appealing to the facts you've described.
Apply your reasoning to the case.
Prediction - Grade yourself according to the rubric on this assignment. How do you predict this assignment went for you?
Organization
Make it obvious that you've covered each of the content bullet points. A good way to do this is to use section headings. Clearly explain the reasoning that supports your position and the connection between that reasoning and your position. Cover all and only the relevant material (exclude what is irrelevant) Mastery of Material Incorporate relevant material from readings and class discussion Explain how material from class bears on the case.
Solution Preview

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Unethical use is strictly forbidden.

1. Issue:
This case raises the issue of how a conflict between weighty moral obligations should be resolved. Specifically, this case involves a conflict between the obligation to keep one’s promises and the obligation to not harm the well-being of other people; a related issue is how these obligations are heightened by the moral agent being of a particular profession.
2. Position:
Bok’s view on confidentiality as a privilege with limits is applied here; specifically applied is
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (194μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (349μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (493μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (238μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (385μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (371μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (204μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (166μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (302μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (175μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (222μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (219μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (214μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (242μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (199μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (166μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (198μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (228μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (318μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (175μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (234μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (169μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (187μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (157μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (185μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (157μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (195μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (167μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (197μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (167μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (287μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (876μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.1ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (100μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.24ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (232μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (217μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (170μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (180μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (198μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (184μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (159μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (197μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (165μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (213μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (172μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (182μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (181μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (215μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (186μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (166μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (471μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (21μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (425μs)
      • composing: components.canonical (104μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (203μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (78μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (312μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (77μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (3ms)
      • creating: components.footer (255μs)
      • composing: components.footer (175μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (1.44ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (707μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (2.12ms)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.07ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (61μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.85ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (820μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (477μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (251μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (196μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (189μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (312μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (443μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (204μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (198μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (313μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (204μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (195μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (510μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (155μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (135μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (123μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (118μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (67μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (97μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (63μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (94μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (62μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (165μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (90μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (323μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (110μs)
      • 311 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (15.54%)
        97.07ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (5.54%)
        34.64ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (4.7%)
        29.36ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.99%)
        12.43ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (1.54%)
        9.60ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (0.73%)
        4.54ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.23%)
        1.41ms
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.22%)
        1.35ms
        12 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.18%)
        1.10ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.1%)
        652μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.08%)
        510μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.08%)
        471μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.07%)
        425μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.06%)
        401μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.06%)
        368μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.05%)
        340μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        326μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.05%)
        323μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.05%)
        312μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        282μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.04%)
        270μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.04%)
        255μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.04%)
        224μs
        13 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.03%)
        206μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.03%)
        203μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.03%)
        198μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.03%)
        175μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.03%)
        168μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.03%)
        165μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.03%)
        161μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.02%)
        155μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        135μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        123μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.02%)
        118μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.02%)
        110μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.02%)
        104μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.02%)
        101μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        97μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        94μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        90μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.01%)
        78μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.01%)
        77μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        67μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.01%)
        63μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.01%)
        62μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        44μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.01%)
        43μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        42μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0%)
        21μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      20 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 16 unique. Show only duplicated45.12ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '50089' limit 1
        11.6mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 50089
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (193)
        1.55mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (50089)
        3.69mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 23 limit 1
        990μstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 23
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 50089 and `subject` = 193 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        7.96mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 50089
        • 1: 193
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (193)
        1.07mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 50089 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.27mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 50089
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 50089 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.13mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 50089
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 50089 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.16mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 50089
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 23 limit 1
        1mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 23
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        970μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.68mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        2.07mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        1.19mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.08mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 11 limit 1
        990μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 11
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 5 limit 1
        990μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 5
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 34 limit 1
        1.49mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 34
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 31 limit 1
        1.12mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 31
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 36 limit 1
        2.12mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      13HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      12SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          mL66aAdEvDQiUoHnHhlXb1vqoUNCD2GfONSc6BWS
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/Philosophy/Philosophy-Other/50089
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Philosophy/Phil...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/Philosophy/Philosophy-Other/50089
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
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