Question
The goal of this project is to develop an intervention and design a study to improve family and/or child well-being and assess its effectiveness. Throughout the course of this project you will be responsible for
1) Reading the relevant literature (including previous intervention efforts on the topic) to establish need for intervention (and construct/variable to be modified)
2) Developing intervention (to address construct of interest within a given population)
3) Constructing a research methodology to identify/recruit potential participants and test the effectiveness of the intervention (how would we know the program worked)
The final product will consist of:
1) 5-minute PowerPoint presentation of your research proposal
• Please email your presentation to Dr. Kolak no later than noon on the day before you are scheduled to present your research proposal so she can provide feedback to you.
2) Final draft of 10 – 15 page APA style research proposal
• The paper is due within two days of the day in which the research proposal is presented in class.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT: Start doing some research on the topic! Use PsycInfo to locate articles that may give you a better understanding of your topic and previous intervention efforts that have been conducted. As you research your topic, begin to develop an initial research question/intervention to address a specific phenomenon. You should start thinking about the variable(s) you hope to change with your intervention and who would benefit from this intervention. You may also want to consider how you might define primary variables of interest and identify how you will assess these variables.
Some questions to think about as you continue to develop your research proposal:
1) As you continue to research relevant literature in this area, think about whether you need to alter/update your research question/intervention as a result of what was found? Clearly state your hypothesis.
2) Develop a methodology to investigate your research question taking each of the following issues into consideration.
a. Who will be your participants?
b. What will the intervention look like?
i. What are you attempting to change?
ii. What effect do you expect this intervention to have on your outcome(s)?
iii. How will you examine the intervention’s effectiveness?
c. What will be the variables in your study?
i. How will you define them?
ii. How will you assess them?
iii. When will you assess them?
3) What would you expect to find if you could conduct this research study?
4) What might be some potential limitations to this intervention?
Research proposals should be written in APA format (double-spaced, 1” margins, 12-point font) and should include the following sections that conform to the formatting guidelines of the APA Publication Manual:

Title Page
Abstract (less than 1 page)
Write a summary of your research that is no longer than 250 words.   
Introduction (3 – 4 pages)
Introduce the issue, including references to what you have learned from your articles. Introduce your intervention.
Methods (2 – 3 pages)
Set up methodology. Describe your participants and how you will recruit them to participate. Describe the intervention – how will it be conducted. Describe how you will examine the intervention’s effectiveness – how and when variables of interest will be assessed.
Discussion (1 – 2 pages)
Briefly discuss what you expect you would find and why you think this would be interesting. What are the limitations of the work? What are the potential implications for future research and intervention efforts?
References (include all cited research; 2 – 3 pages)
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Abstract
Maternal depression affects many women during their pregnancy and postpartum periods. Maternal depression is a source of many adverse effects for both the mother and her child. Unlike many health challenges faced by perinatal women, maternal depression is rarely tacked with much concern. As a result, many young children continue to experience adverse health effects as a result of the conditions of their mothers. Screening and health visits are very necessary in pediatrics as a way of identifying women who indicate depressive symptoms. The healthcare system does not provide very definitive options on dealing with maternal depression. Additionally, most health insurance options do not provide a cover that can fully address this challenge. This paper proposes an intervention mechanism known as “Project Mom” that can be applied to assist perinatal mothers in addressing both prenatal and postnatal depression. The intervention depends on community networks in order to identify cases of depression and assist mothers in tackling them. The focus is to limit the harmful effects of both prenatal and postnatal depression by creating awareness and initiating counseling programs. The intervention can be generalized to the wider population in order to help in addressing this growing challenge.

Maternal Depressions
The association between maternal depression and child outcome has been widely studied. However, the extent and the specific effects of that association are not well researched. Additionally, while many intervention efforts have been proposed and applied, there is still room for improvement. A clear understanding of the association between maternal depression and child outcomes helps to provide critical information that can be used in the design of intervention measures (Kiernan & Huerta, 2008). More importantly, different subgroups have different levels of risk in relation to the issues hence it is crucial to understand the main targets of preventive intervention measures. Depression is a common challenge for many people. However, maternal depression can have adverse impacts on the well-being of the children under the care of the mother. The healthy development of human beings depends on genetic influences and personal experiences which ultimately define the architecture of the growing brain. Therefore, when a child bubbles and the mother responds with a gesture or speech, it helps to strengthen the child’s brain by developing strong connections. It is therefore important to be sensitive and responsive to the signals of young children.
Review
Maternal depression has become a major challenge due to its growing prevalence. It is estimated that up to 15 % of mothers have to experience depression at some point in their lives (Brennan, Hammen, Katz, & Le Brocque, 2002); Dennis, 2005). Additionally, about one in ten infants have to experience outcomes in relation to the depression of their mothers in the first year of their lives (Lovejoy, Graczyk, O'Hare, & Neuman, 2000). The rates are even higher for mothers who face social isolation, financial hardships and those who have experienced cases of depression in the past. Depressive symptoms are generally more prevalent in disadvantaged populations. Women’s experiences of depression usually differ in severity
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (157μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (178μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (158μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (178μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (159μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (172μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (158μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (197μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (179μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (181μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (165μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (210μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (222μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (210μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (169μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (179μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (181μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (161μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (159μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (177μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (158μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (187μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (168μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (211μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (170μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (184μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (152μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (106μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (155μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (156μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (186μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (146μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (239μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (183μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (186μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (153μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (189μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (172μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (200μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (164μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (181μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (164μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (190μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (188μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (197μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (167μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (189μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (171μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (186μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (185μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (176μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (183μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (177μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (228μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (169μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (186μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (180μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (165μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (468μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (23μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (357μs)
      • composing: components.canonical (82μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (161μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (77μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (238μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (78μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (1.67ms)
      • creating: components.footer (86μs)
      • composing: components.footer (96μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (957μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (389μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (918μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.07ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (61μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.8ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (320μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (216μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (227μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (190μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (242μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (329μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (336μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (235μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (428μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (350μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (232μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (234μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (255μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (163μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (142μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (73μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (109μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (69μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (102μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (67μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (101μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (64μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (102μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (67μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (102μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (65μs)
      • 313 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (16.42%)
        69.89ms
        18 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (10.95%)
        46.63ms
        18 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (6.22%)
        26.46ms
        9 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.91%)
        8.15ms
        9 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (1.68%)
        7.14ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (1.57%)
        6.70ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.33%)
        1.39ms
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.27%)
        1.14ms
        10 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.19%)
        811μs
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.13%)
        555μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.11%)
        468μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.1%)
        444μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.09%)
        375μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.09%)
        372μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.08%)
        357μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.07%)
        319μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.07%)
        280μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.06%)
        269μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.06%)
        261μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.06%)
        255μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.06%)
        255μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.06%)
        238μs
        6 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.04%)
        177μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.04%)
        163μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.04%)
        161μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.04%)
        159μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.03%)
        142μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.03%)
        134μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.03%)
        109μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.03%)
        108μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.02%)
        102μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        102μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.02%)
        102μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        101μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.02%)
        96μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.02%)
        86μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.02%)
        82μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.02%)
        78μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.02%)
        77μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        73μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.02%)
        69μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        67μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.02%)
        67μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.02%)
        65μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        64μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.01%)
        61μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        44μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        43μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0.01%)
        23μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      18 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 14 unique. Show only duplicated58.57ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '32041' limit 1
        28.74mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 32041
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (273)
        1.69mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (32041)
        2mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 12 limit 1
        990μstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 12
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 32041 and `subject` = 273 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        3.75mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 32041
        • 1: 273
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (273)
        1.09mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 32041 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.66mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 32041
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 32041 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.52mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 32041
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 32041 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.12mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 32041
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 12 limit 1
        1.2mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 12
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        1.31mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.16mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        980μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        1.17mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.32mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 11 limit 1
        1.2mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 11
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 5 limit 1
        6.37mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 5
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 36 limit 1
        1.3mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      10SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      6HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          oujpwvNSZMR2OR3NkGOxLYkavQcHMRDD0muW8gGS
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/Psychology/Child-and-Adolescent-Psychology/32041
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Psychology/Chil...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/Psychology/Child-and-Adolescent-Psychology/32041
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
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