Read the following in Behavior Analysis for Lasting Change: • Chap...

Question
Read the following in Behavior Analysis for Lasting Change:
• Chapters 8, 9, and 10 (pp. 131–203)

Conduct a comprehensive functional behavior assessment of the target behavior you identified in nail biting. Specifically, you need to provide an analysis of the following information:

1. What methods did you use to gather information via indirect and descriptive assessment (e.g., interviews, observations, ABC assessments, checklists, etc.)?
2. What were the results of your assessments? What is the hypothesized function of behavior? What other possible functions might also be plausible?
3. What are the primary factors that influence the presence or absence of the targeted behavior?
4. How could you set up a functional analysis to test your hypotheses?
5. Considering what you have learned about initiating or increasing a desired behavior, develop an intervention that will hopefully result in a desirable change in your behavior.
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The aim of this paper was to present the results of the functional behavioral assessment conducted on nail biting behavior. Several indirect and direct methods are used to determine a potential function of the nail biting behavior. First, the record review was conducted and then a comprehensive open-ended behavioral interview followed by the A-B-C charts, a direct method for data collection. The results of these methods helped to generate the hypothesis of the underlying function of the target behavior and design a functional analysis to experimentally test it. The functional analysis multielement design is proposed and hypothetical results discussed. Finally, a behavior modification plan based on results of the functional analysis is presented.

Keywords: nail biting, functional behavioral assessment, functional analysis

[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines]

Functional behavioral assessment serves to examine the antecedents to and consequences of a target problem behavior (Luiselli, 2011). In other words, it examines environmental conditions that precede the target behavior and the conditions that follow the behavior (Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991). Functional behavioral assessment is data collection approach that is derived from operant view of behavior put forward by Skinner (Luiselli, 2011). It is based on the three-term contingency of a discriminative stimulus, the response, and the reinforcer (Luiselli, 2011). The discriminative stimulus is defined as a specific form of antecedent event that indicates that there is a reinforcement available as a consequence of the behavior, and the behavioral response should be emitted (Luiselli, 2011). The reinforcer refers to a specific event or a consequence that increases the probability of that response being emitted again in the future (Luiselli, 2011).

The “A-B-C sequence” in the functional behavioral assessment is very similar concept to the three-term contingency (Luiselli, 2011). The main difference between the two is that the three-term contingency is more precise and makes distinction between antecedent events as discriminative stimuli and distinguishes consequences as reinforcers (Luiselli, 2011). This is very important when trying to determine what events actually reinforce the target behavior, because conducting indirect assessment or direct observations usually is not enough (Luiselli, 2011).

The basic assumption of functional behavior assessment is that repeated pairing of selected antecedents and consequences results in the individual learning to emit the response when antecedent is present (Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991). The individual will learn that the
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      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (162μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (259μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (208μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (183μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (164μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (179μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (362μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (225μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (198μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (191μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (171μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (182μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (217μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (194μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (164μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (190μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (190μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (155μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (246μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (163μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (234μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (238μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (195μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (289μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (194μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (162μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (280μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (897μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.01ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (61μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (1.26ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (218μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (221μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (172μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (184μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (197μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (185μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (162μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (198μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (173μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (216μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (170μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (182μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (178μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (159μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (180μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (160μs)
      • creating: site.layouts.app (518μs)
      • composing: site.layouts.app (22μs)
      • creating: components.canonical (419μs)
      • composing: components.canonical (104μs)
      • creating: components.open-graph (208μs)
      • composing: components.open-graph (77μs)
      • creating: site.headers.header (309μs)
      • composing: site.headers.header (79μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (4.2ms)
      • creating: components.footer (166μs)
      • composing: components.footer (169μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (2.16ms)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (825μs)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (1.17ms)
      • Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (1.35ms)
      • eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (59μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (446μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (301μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (155μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (123μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (757μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (206μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (373μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (493μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (303μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (203μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (186μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (200μs)
      • Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (202μs)
      • creating: components.forms.contact-us (298μs)
      • composing: components.forms.contact-us (290μs)
      • creating: components.forms.get-started (260μs)
      • composing: components.forms.get-started (92μs)
      • creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (153μs)
      • composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (83μs)
      • creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (131μs)
      • composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (58μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (132μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (67μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (120μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (65μs)
      • creating: components.forms.tutor-support (121μs)
      • composing: components.forms.tutor-support (65μs)
      • 311 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheHit (19.13%)
        109ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted (6.89%)
        39.11ms
        20 x Illuminate\Database\Events\StatementPrepared (6.15%)
        34.93ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\CacheMissed (3.3%)
        18.74ms
        11 x Illuminate\Cache\Events\KeyWritten (2.57%)
        14.60ms
        1 x Illuminate\Foundation\Events\LocaleUpdated (0.83%)
        4.70ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\Routing (0.26%)
        1.50ms
        12 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.22%)
        1.27ms
        1 x Illuminate\Database\Events\ConnectionEstablished (0.21%)
        1.20ms
        1 x Illuminate\Routing\Events\RouteMatched (0.12%)
        683μs
        1 x creating: site.layouts.app (0.09%)
        518μs
        1 x creating: components.canonical (0.07%)
        419μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.07%)
        406μs
        1 x creating: components.breadcrumbs (0.07%)
        391μs
        1 x creating: homework.show (0.06%)
        364μs
        7 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.06%)
        346μs
        1 x creating: site.headers.header (0.05%)
        309μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.contact-us (0.05%)
        298μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.contact-us (0.05%)
        290μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.05%)
        283μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.get-started (0.05%)
        260μs
        2 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\Subject (0.05%)
        259μs
        12 x eloquent.retrieved: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.04%)
        252μs
        1 x composing: components.breadcrumbs (0.04%)
        242μs
        1 x composing: homework.show (0.04%)
        235μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary (0.04%)
        231μs
        1 x creating: components.open-graph (0.04%)
        208μs
        1 x composing: components.footer (0.03%)
        169μs
        1 x creating: components.footer (0.03%)
        166μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.03%)
        153μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.03%)
        148μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.02%)
        132μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.02%)
        131μs
        1 x eloquent.booting: App\Models\Subject (0.02%)
        130μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-support (0.02%)
        121μs
        1 x creating: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.02%)
        120μs
        1 x composing: components.canonical (0.02%)
        104μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile (0.02%)
        96μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.get-started (0.02%)
        92μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.free-tool-download (0.01%)
        83μs
        1 x composing: site.headers.header (0.01%)
        79μs
        1 x composing: components.open-graph (0.01%)
        77μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlist (0.01%)
        67μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-support (0.01%)
        65μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.tutor-subscription-join (0.01%)
        65μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\SubjectCat (0.01%)
        62μs
        1 x eloquent.booted: App\Models\Subject (0.01%)
        61μs
        1 x composing: components.forms.claim-free-worksheet (0.01%)
        58μs
        1 x composing: site.layouts.app (0%)
        22μs
      14 templates were rendered
      • 1x homework.showshow.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.breadcrumbsbreadcrumbs.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.layouts.appapp.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.canonicalcanonical.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.open-graphopen-graph.blade.phpblade
      • 1x site.headers.headerheader.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.footerfooter.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.contact-uscontact-us.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.get-startedget-started.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.free-tool-downloadfree-tool-download.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.claim-free-worksheetclaim-free-worksheet.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-waitlisttutor-subscription-waitlist.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-subscription-jointutor-subscription-join.blade.phpblade
      • 1x components.forms.tutor-supporttutor-support.blade.phpblade
      uri
      GET college-homework-library/{category}/{subject}/{id}
      middleware
      web, utm.parameters
      controller
      App\Http\Controllers\HomeworkLibraryController@show
      namespace
      where
      as
      homework.show
      file
      app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:79-176
      20 statements were executed, 4 of which were duplicates, 16 unique. Show only duplicated46.99ms
      • Connection Establishedtwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#91
        Backtrace
        • 13. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:91
        • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 and `solutionslibrary`.`id` = '60446' limit 1
        12.88mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Bindings
        • 0: published
        • 1: 0
        • 2: 60446
        Backtrace
        • 16. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (328)
        1.03mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` in (60446)
        1.13mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryController.php#97
        Backtrace
        • 21. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:97
        • 22. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 24. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
        • 25. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 12 limit 1
        1.07mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 12
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 26. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:105
        • 27. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
        • 29. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • select * from `solutionslibrary` where `id` <> 60446 and `subject` = 328 and `status` = 'published' and `price` > 0 order by RAND() limit 6
        3.66mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Bindings
        • 0: 60446
        • 1: 328
        • 2: published
        • 3: 0
        Backtrace
        • 14. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 18. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 19. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (328)
        980μstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibraryRepository.php#30
        Backtrace
        • 19. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:30
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 21. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 23. app/Repositories/HomeworkLibraryRepository.php:39
        • 24. app/Http/Controllers/HomeworkLibraryController.php:139
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 60446 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'question' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.33mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 60446
        • 1: question
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:58
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 60446 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'teaser' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.25mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 60446
        • 1: teaser
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:69
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `solutionslibrary_files` where `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` = 60446 and `solutionslibrary_files`.`solutionlib_id` is not null and `publish` = 'solution' order by `order` asc, `id` asc
        1.22mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#260
        Bindings
        • 0: 60446
        • 1: solution
        Backtrace
        • 15. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:260
        • 16. app/Transformers/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibraryTransformer.php:80
        • 19. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:128
        • 20. vendor/league/fractal/src/TransformerAbstract.php:107
        • 21. vendor/league/fractal/src/Scope.php:383
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 12 limit 1
        5.91mstwenty4_siteHomeworkLibrary.php#201
        Bindings
        • 0: 12
        Backtrace
        • 20. app/Models/HomeworkLibrary/HomeworkLibrary.php:201
        • 32. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
        • 33. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 34. vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 35. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:70
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 1 limit 1
        1.28mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 1
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 3 limit 1
        1.18mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 3
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 4 limit 1
        940μstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 4
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 10 limit 1
        1.2mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 10
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 33 limit 1
        1.46mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 33
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 11 limit 1
        5.33mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 11
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 5 limit 1
        1.24mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 5
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 34 limit 1
        1.28mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 34
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 31 limit 1
        1.24mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 31
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 34. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:110
      • select * from `subject_cats` where `subject_cats`.`id` = 36 limit 1
        1.38mstwenty4_siteSubject.php#100
        Bindings
        • 0: 36
        Backtrace
        • 18. app/Models/Subject.php:100
        • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:397
        • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:419
        • 22. app/Models/Subject.php:101
        • 28. view::components.footer:170
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibraryFile
      12HomeworkLibraryFile.php
      App\Models\SubjectCat
      12SubjectCat.php
      App\Models\HomeworkLibrary\HomeworkLibrary
      7HomeworkLibrary.php
      App\Models\Subject
      2Subject.php
          _token
          SE6LLAx3zX73TPDVd2ftxUiDlruICw8i6G6rZk84
          utm_source
          direct
          redirectUrl
          /college-homework-library/Psychology/Research-Design/60446
          _previous
          array:1 [ "url" => "https://staging.dev.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Psychology/Rese...
          _flash
          array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
          PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
          []
          path_info
          /college-homework-library/Psychology/Research-Design/60446
          status_code
          200
          
          status_text
          OK
          format
          html
          content_type
          text/html; charset=UTF-8
          request_query
          []
          
          request_request
          []
          
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